Neuro-Oncology

Neuro-Oncology – Brain Tumour Specialists and Advanced Brain Cancer Treatment

Neuro-oncology is a specialised branch of cancer care focused on diagnosing and treating tumours that affect the brain, spinal cord and other parts of the central nervous system. These conditions include both cancerous and non-cancerous brain tumours, as well as complex neurological cancers that may affect movement, memory, speech, coordination and other essential functions.

A neuro-oncologist works with a multidisciplinary team that may include neurosurgeons, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, neurologists, neuroradiologists and rehabilitation specialists. Together, they evaluate the type, location and behaviour of a tumour and develop an individualised treatment approach based on the patient's diagnosis, overall health and treatment goals.

Finding the right brain tumour specialist is an important step for patients and families navigating a complex diagnosis. SirisHealthcare helps patients explore hospitals, doctors and related medical specialties so they can make more informed decisions about their care.

What Conditions Does Neuro-Oncology Treat?

Neuro-oncology focuses on a wide range of tumours involving the brain, spinal cord and central nervous system. Treatment depends on whether the tumour is benign or malignant, its location, its grade and whether it has spread from another part of the body.

Primary Brain Tumours

Primary brain tumours originate in the brain or the surrounding tissues. They can be benign or malignant and may affect nearby structures as they grow.

Common types include:

• Gliomas: Tumours that develop from glial cells, which support nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.
• Glioblastoma: An aggressive type of malignant brain tumour that requires specialised evaluation and treatment.
• Meningiomas: Tumours that develop in the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Many are non-cancerous, although some can be atypical or malignant.
• Astrocytomas: Tumours that arise from astrocytes, a type of supporting brain cell.
• Oligodendrogliomas: Gliomas that develop from cells associated with the protective covering of nerve fibres.
• Ependymomas: Tumours that develop from cells lining the fluid-filled spaces of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
• Medulloblastomas: Malignant brain tumours that occur more commonly in children, although they can also affect adults.

Secondary Brain Tumours and Brain Metastases

Secondary brain tumours, also known as brain metastases, develop when cancer spreads to the brain from another part of the body. Lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma and other malignancies can spread to the brain.

Management may involve surgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, radiation therapy, targeted therapy or other cancer treatments, depending on the primary cancer, number and location of brain lesions and the patient's overall condition.

Spinal Cord and Central Nervous System Tumours

Neuro-oncology also covers tumours affecting the spinal cord, spinal canal and related nervous system structures. Depending on their location, these tumours may cause back pain, weakness, sensory changes, difficulty walking or problems with bladder and bowel control.

Common Symptoms of Brain Tumours

Brain tumour symptoms vary according to the tumour's size, location, growth rate and effect on surrounding brain tissue. Some symptoms develop gradually, while others may appear more suddenly.

Common warning signs include:

• Persistent or progressively worsening headaches.
• New-onset seizures or unexplained convulsions.
• Blurred vision, double vision or other visual disturbances.
• Nausea and vomiting, particularly when associated with worsening headaches.
• Difficulty speaking, understanding language or finding words.
• Weakness or numbness affecting the arms, legs or one side of the body.
• Problems with balance, coordination or walking.
• Changes in memory, concentration, behaviour or personality.
• Unexplained dizziness or difficulty maintaining coordination.

These symptoms do not necessarily indicate a brain tumour. However, new, persistent or worsening neurological symptoms should be evaluated by a qualified medical professional. A first-time seizure, sudden weakness, sudden speech difficulty or sudden vision loss requires emergency medical attention.

How Is a Brain Tumour Diagnosed?

Accurate diagnosis is essential for selecting the most appropriate brain tumour treatment. A neuro-oncology evaluation generally combines clinical examination, advanced imaging and laboratory or tissue-based investigations.

Neurological Examination

The doctor assesses muscle strength, reflexes, coordination, balance, vision, speech and cognitive function. This examination helps identify which parts of the nervous system may be affected.

MRI Brain Scan

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is one of the primary imaging methods used to investigate brain tumours. It provides detailed images of brain structures and can help identify the tumour's location, size and characteristics.

Contrast-enhanced MRI may provide additional information about tumour boundaries and surrounding tissues.

CT Scan

A CT scan may be used to assess brain abnormalities, particularly in emergency situations or when MRI is not immediately suitable. It can help identify bleeding, swelling and certain structural changes.

Brain Biopsy and Histopathology

When clinically appropriate, a biopsy or surgical tissue sample may be examined to identify the tumour type and grade. This helps doctors understand the tumour's biological characteristics and guide treatment planning.

Molecular and Genetic Testing

Certain brain tumours undergo molecular testing to identify specific genetic and molecular markers. Findings such as IDH mutation status, MGMT promoter methylation and 1p/19q codeletion may help classify gliomas and inform treatment decisions.

Neuro-Oncology Treatment Options

Brain tumour treatment is not the same for every patient. The recommended approach depends on tumour type, grade, location, molecular characteristics, symptoms, previous treatments and overall health.

A multidisciplinary team may recommend one treatment or a combination of approaches.

Brain Tumour Surgery

Neurosurgery may be recommended when a tumour can be safely accessed and removed or reduced in size. The surgical approach depends on the tumour's location and its relationship with important brain structures.

In selected cases, procedures such as awake brain surgery or image-guided surgery may help surgeons monitor or protect important neurological functions.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy for brain tumours uses targeted radiation to damage tumour cells and control their growth. It may be recommended after surgery, as a primary treatment when surgery is unsuitable, or to manage certain brain metastases.

Treatment techniques may include:

• Conventional external beam radiation therapy.
• Stereotactic radiosurgery.
• Fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy.
• Whole-brain radiation therapy in selected clinical situations.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses medicines to destroy cancer cells or slow their growth. Some patients with malignant brain tumours, including certain gliomas, may receive chemotherapy as part of their treatment plan.

The choice of medication depends on the tumour's characteristics and the patient's clinical condition.

Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy

Some brain and central nervous system tumours may have molecular features that make them suitable for targeted treatments. Immunotherapy may also be considered in selected cancers or clinical circumstances.

These treatments are not appropriate for every brain tumour. Specialist evaluation and, where relevant, molecular testing help determine whether they may be beneficial.

Supportive and Palliative Care

Supportive care focuses on managing symptoms and improving day-to-day quality of life. It may include medicines for seizures, treatment for brain swelling, pain management, psychological support, physiotherapy and occupational rehabilitation.

Palliative care can be provided alongside active cancer treatment when needed. It addresses physical, emotional and practical concerns for patients and their families.

What to Expect During Neuro-Oncology Treatment?

A neuro-oncology treatment journey usually involves several stages. Understanding these steps can help patients and caregivers prepare for appointments and make informed decisions.

1. Initial consultation: The specialist reviews symptoms, medical history, previous reports and current medications.
2. Diagnostic assessment: Imaging studies, neurological examinations and additional investigations are arranged when necessary.
3. Diagnosis and tumour classification: The medical team evaluates imaging, biopsy findings and molecular test results where available.
4. Treatment planning: Specialists discuss suitable options, possible benefits, risks and expected treatment schedules.
5. Treatment and monitoring: Patients receive the recommended treatment and undergo follow-up examinations or imaging to assess their response.
6. Rehabilitation and ongoing care: Recovery support and symptom management are provided according to individual needs.

Recovery and Life After Brain Tumour Treatment

Recovery after brain tumour treatment varies considerably. Some patients resume daily activities relatively quickly, while others need a longer period of rehabilitation and medical support.

Depending on the condition and treatment received, recovery may involve:

• Regular MRI scans and specialist follow-up appointments.
• Physiotherapy to improve strength, movement and balance.
• Speech and language therapy for communication difficulties.
• Occupational therapy to support everyday activities.
• Cognitive rehabilitation for memory, attention and concentration.
• Nutritional guidance and psychological support.
• Ongoing medication and seizure management when required.

Patients should follow their treating team's instructions regarding physical activity, driving, medication and return to work. Any new or worsening neurological symptoms should be reported promptly.

How to Choose a Neuro-Oncology Specialist or Hospital

Choosing a hospital for brain tumour treatment involves more than comparing facilities. Patients should consider whether the treating team has experience managing their specific tumour type and whether the required diagnostic, surgical and cancer treatment services are available.

Important factors to consider include:

• Access to experienced neuro-oncologists and neurosurgeons.
• Availability of MRI, CT and other relevant diagnostic imaging.
• Access to neuropathology and molecular tumour testing.
• Neurosurgical facilities and intensive care support.
• Radiation oncology and stereotactic treatment capabilities, when required.
• Access to medical oncology and appropriate cancer medicines.
• Rehabilitation, supportive care and long-term follow-up services.
• Clear communication about treatment options, risks and expected costs.

A multidisciplinary approach is particularly important for complex brain tumours because treatment decisions may involve several medical specialties.

Neuro-Oncology FAQs

1. What is neuro-oncology?

Neuro-oncology is the medical specialty concerned with diagnosing and treating tumours of the brain, spinal cord and central nervous system. It includes the management of primary brain tumours and cancers that spread to the brain from other organs.

2. What does a neuro-oncologist do?

A neuro-oncologist specialises in the medical management of brain and nervous system cancers. They evaluate tumour diagnoses, recommend suitable cancer treatments and coordinate care with neurosurgeons, radiation oncologists and other specialists.

3. What is the difference between a neurologist and a neuro-oncologist?

A neurologist diagnoses and manages disorders of the nervous system, including epilepsy, stroke, migraine and movement disorders. A neuro-oncologist focuses specifically on cancers and tumours affecting the brain, spinal cord and related nervous system structures.

4. Can a brain tumour be treated without surgery?

Yes. Some brain tumours can be managed without conventional surgery, depending on their type, location, size and behaviour. Treatment may involve radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, active monitoring or a combination of approaches.

5. What is the most common treatment for brain cancer?

There is no single treatment suitable for all brain cancers. Surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy are commonly used approaches, while targeted treatments and other therapies may be appropriate for selected tumour types.

6. Is glioblastoma the same as a brain tumour?

Glioblastoma is a specific type of aggressive malignant brain tumour. Brain tumour is a broader term that includes many different tumour types, including benign and malignant conditions.

7. When should someone consult a brain tumour specialist?

People experiencing persistent or worsening headaches, new seizures, unexplained neurological weakness, vision changes or speech difficulties should seek medical evaluation. A doctor may recommend referral to a neuro-oncology or neurosurgery specialist based on the findings.

8. How often are follow-up scans needed after brain tumour treatment?

Follow-up schedules vary depending on tumour type, grade, treatment and individual clinical circumstances. The treating specialist determines when MRI scans and other assessments are needed.

Find Neuro-Oncology Specialists and Hospitals with SirisHealthcare

Finding the right medical team is an important part of navigating a brain tumour diagnosis. SirisHealthcare helps patients and caregivers explore hospitals, specialist doctors and related cancer care services.

Use SirisHealthcare to discover available neuro-oncology specialists, brain tumour treatment hospitals and related medical services. Review doctor profiles, hospital information, available specialties and contact details to help identify suitable healthcare options.

Patients should consult a qualified specialist to understand their diagnosis and discuss treatment decisions based on their individual medical needs.

Medical Disclaimer: This information is intended for general educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional for medical concerns and individual treatment recommendations.